Summary of Raga: KALYANI ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ************************************************************** Ragam KALYANI (Melam 65) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If Sankarabharanam is the flagship of the Suddha Madhyama segment of the Melakartha Ragams (1 - 36), then, Kalyani takes the position among the Parthi Madhyama Melakartha ragams (37-72). Kalyani is the Melam No. 65, and is called Mechakalyani to confirm to the Katapayadi Sankhya counting to obtain the number 65. This is the 5th Ragam in the 9th Rudra Chakram. The Dikshitar school uses the nomenclature Santha Kalyani, in the asampoorna mela paddhathi. The notes are Sa, Chatusruthi Ri, Antara Ga, Prati Ma, Chatusruti Dha, and Kakali Ni. It is the corresponding Prati Madhyama counterpart of Melam 29: Sankarabharanam. Kalyani is a raga of immense scope for Alapana, and is a parent scale for a huge number of Janya Ragams. All the notes are rendered as Tivra Svaras, and with gamakams, and all are Raga Chaya svarams. Ga and Pa are amsa svaras, Ri, Ga, Dha, Ni are nyasa svaras. Gamakas like Kampitha, Spuritha, Tripuccha, when added to the svara sancharas add an extrta dimension of beauty to Kalyani. Rare is any concert that goes without a rendition of a detailed Krithi or Pallavi in Kalyani, or at least as a segmental Ragam in a Ragamalika or Virutham.. Even though it can be sung at all times, Kalyani is as evening time ragam. It is usually sung at the beginning segment of a concert, since its Tivra swaras create the proper musical atmosphere. For the same reason, it is employed in Pallavi exposition, Ragamalikas, Slokams, Viruthams, and even in Thillanas. Kalyani figures in operas and various forms of dance-dramas. Many musicians have chistled out exquisite versions of Kalyani in the last sixty years or so. Some of the stalwarts who have adorned Kalyani with their music are: Ariyakkudi ramanuja Iyengar (Nidhi chala sukhama) GNB (Vasudevayani) Semmangudi (Ethavunara) Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer (Sundari Nee Divya) Madhurai Mani Iyer (Kamalambam Bhajare). The Ragam Tanam Pallavi line ``Un Darisanam Kitaikkumo Nataraja Dayanidhe'' has been immortalized by musicians like GNB, Madhurai Mani Iyer. Balamuralikrishna renders a Thillana ``Tanom nom tara tillana'' in Kalyani, in the style called ``Thayam'' singing, where even though the Raga rendered is Kalyani, it sounds like a different ragam in each line. Hindusthani Ragam Yaman (Yaman That) is the same as Kalyani. There are numerous Jugal Bandhis featuring the fusion of Kalyani - Yaman by Carnatic - Hindushani musicians. (Balamurali -Bhimsen Joshi; Seshagopalan-Ajoy Chakrabarti; Ramani - Rajam; Ramani - Pandit Jog; Balamurali - Hariprasad Chaurasia, and so on). Kalyani is supposed to be the earliest Prati Madhyama Ragam that was known in musical history. It is a murchana karaka raga, and by the process of model shift of tonic, we can derive Harikambhoji, Natabhairavi, Sankarabharanam, Kharaharapriya and Todi by taking as adhara Shadjas: Ri, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, and Ni, rtespectively. Tha Pann equivalent of Kalyani is Arumpalai. Kalyani is also featured in Hungarian Music. Tyagaraja's famous krithi: Nidhi Chala Sukhama, stand out as a masterpiece. It is believed that the Tanjavur ruler, hearing the fame of Tyagaraja, invited him to his court, and wanted him to sing in his praise. Tyagaraja who was against ``nara stuthi'', poured out this historic song to his representatives. The song asserts that ``Ramuni Sannidhi Seva'' to any real ``nidhi''. In 1935, when the Tamil daily newspaper, Swadesamitran, celebrated the golden jubilee, Ariyakkudi ramanuja Iyengar composed the song: Sundaramana Swadesamitran, in Kalyani, and sang it on the occcasion (and a disc was released on this occasion., Film music has taken advantage of the beautiful melody of Kalyani. From the early talkie days with Papanasam Sivan, till as recently as the modern movie Sindhubhairavi, there are numerous film songs in Kalyani. Janya Ragams: ^^^^^^^^^^^^ There are more than 120 Janya Ragams for Kalyani, but the most popular ones are: Saranga, MohanaKalyani, Yamuna Kalyani, Hamir Kalyani, Vandanadharini, Sunadavinodini, SarangaTarangini, AMrta Behag, hamsavinOdinI, sudhA kalyANI and Bhoop Kalyani. Some of the not so popular Janya ragams are: Chandrakantham, Maithrabhavani, Kunthalakusumavali, Kaumodam, Suddharathnabhanu, Kuntalasrikanthi, Andari, Silangi, Suddhakosalam, Pramodini. (D. Pattammal and M. Dandapani mention 122 Janya Ragams of Kalyani in their book: Ragapravaham). Mohana Kalyani is a pleasing ragam obtained by fusing together Mohanam and Kalyani. There is also a Hamsa Kalyani, a creation of Ashok Madhav (Pittsburgh), which is obtained by the fusion of Hamsadhwani and Kalyani. A modern composer, Swarna venkatesa Dikshitar of Chidambaram has a composition in Kalyani: Swarna kala Bhairavam in an unusual Tala structure of 13 matras (9+2+2) Sankirna Triputa (K. V. Narayanaswami popularized his compositions). COMPOSITIONS IN KALYANI ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LAKSHYA GITAM (1) ^^^^^^^^^^^^ Re re Trisulini (Tisra Triputa) - Venkata Makhin GEETAM (2) ^^^^^^ Kamalaja dala (Triputa) Sridhara Surhvara (Triputa) - Muthiah Bhagavathar SWARA JATI (1) ^^^^^^^^^^ Sa Ni Dha Pa (Rupakam) - Swathi Tirunal VARNAM (5) ^^^^^^ Kamalamba Ninnukori (Adi) - Ramaswami Dikshitar Vanajakshi Ro (Adi) - Ramnad Srinivasa Iyengar Vanajakshi (Ata) - Pallavi Gopala Iyer Sami niveyani (Adi) - Vadivelu Sudati Ninnukori (Ata) - Ponnaiah Pillai SWARA STHANA PADAM (1) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Parikkanni sa dha mapa (Tisra Eka m) - Subbarama Dikshitar PADA VARNAM ^^^^^^^^^^^ Satura Kamini (Adi) - Swathi Tirunal MANIPRAVALA KRITHI (1) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Kindu ceivinan (Rupakam) - Swathi Tirunal KRITHIS (165 +) ^^^^^^ Bhajare Re Chita (Misra Chapu) - Muthuswami Dikshitar Kamalamba Bhajare (Adi) - Muthuswami Dikshitar Ganapethe (Rupakam) - Muthuswami Dikshitar Kumbhesvare na Samrakshitoham (Adi) - Mutwamiami Dikshitar Kumbhesvaraya (Adi) - Mutwamiami Dikshitar Brahmavidyambike (Adi) - Mutwamiami Dikshitar Jnanaprasunambike (Rupakam) - Mutwamiami Dikshitar Sri Mangalambika (Ata) - Muthuswami Dikshitar Sri Madhurambika (Khanda Chapu) - Muthuswami Dikshitar Sivakameswarim (Adi) - Muthuswami Dikshitar Abhayamba (Adi) - Muthuswami Dikshitar Kamakshim (Rupakam) - Muthuswami Dikshitar Sri Minakshi Pahima m Amba (Adi) - Ambi Dikshitar Parikkanni (Tisra Ekam) - Subbarama Dikshitar Kantimati Karunamrta (Rupakam) - Subbarama Dikshitar Nidhichala SUkhama (Misra Chapu)- Tyagaraja Ethavunara (Adi) - Tyagaraja Sive Pahi mam (Adi) - Tyagaraja Nammi Vachina (Rupakam) - Tyagaraja Bhajana Seyave (Rupakam) - Tyagaraja Evarimadugu (Rupakam) - Tyagaraja Sundari Ni Divya (Adi) - Tyagaraja Amma Ravamma (JHampa) - Tyagaraja Vasudevayani (Adi) - Tyagaraja Mandagamana (Adi) - Tyagaraja Bhajare Raghuveeram (Adi) - Tyagaraja Enduku Nimanasu Adi) - Tyagaraja Isa Pahim(Rupakam) - Tyagaraja Evaradaa madugudura(Triputa) - Tyagaraja Kamala Bhavadu (Misra Chapu) - Tyagaraja Sandehamu Elara (Adi) - Tyagaraja Raamaa neevadi (Adi) - Tyagaraja Rama Rama Napai (Misra Chapu) - Tyagaraja Sandehamu Yelkara (Adi) - Tyagaraja Ninnanavalasi (Chapu) - Tyagaraja Vachunu Hari (Adi) - Tyagaraja Talli Ninnu Nera (Misra Laghu) -Syama sastri Birana Vara (Rupakam) -Syama sastri Himadri Suthe (Rupakam) -Syama sastri Adri suta (Adi) - Swathi Tirunal Paripahi mamayi Paramapurusha (Capu)- Swathi Tirunal Pankajalocana Pahi (Misra Capu) - Swathi Tirunal Pahimam Sri Vageswari (CHaou) - Swathi Tirunal Yojaya Padamanilane (Triputa) - Swathi Tirunal Sarasalochana (Rupakam) - Swathi Tirunal Sarasa suvadana (Adi) -Swathi Tirunal Drishto Tribhuvana (Adi) -Swathi Tirunal Ninuvina (Adi) - Subbaraya Sastri Nijadasa varada (Adi) - Patnam Subrahmanya Iyer Chidambaram En manam (Adi)- Papanasam Sivan Chindai Thelindu (Adi)- Papanasam Sivan Kamala Malaridal (Misra Chapu)- Papanasam Sivan Kameswara Kripakara (Adi)- Papanasam Sivan Padam Nambinen (Adi)- Papanasam Sivan Rama idu Darumama (Adi) - Papanasam Sivan Sridhara Venkatesam (Adi)- Papanasam Sivan Sundareswarena (Adi)- Papanasam Sivan Teril Erinen (Rupakam)- Papanasam Sivan Sarasakshi Ni (Ata)- Muthiah Bhagavathar Lambodara Sodara (Ekam) - Muthiah Bhagavathar Muruganukku Oriru (Adi) - Muthiah Bhagavathar Pankajanabham (Adi) - Muthiah Bhagavathar Pa-supathi Pada sevaname (Adi) - Muthiah Bhagavathar Sampadprade (Adi) - Muthiah Bhagavathar Siva Siva Shambho (Adi) - Muthiah Bhagavathar Ambike Arulsey (Misra Chapu) - Nilakantan Sivan Arumugam (Rupakam) - Nilakantan Sivan Neeye Manam (Adi) - Ramaswami Sivan Sarasvathi (Rupakam ) - Tiruvottiyur Tyagarajan Parengum (Adi) - Ghanam Krishna Iyer Jessina Papamulu (Misra Chapu) - Pallavi Sesha Iyer Mahishasura Marddhanim (Rupakam) - Pallavi Gopala Iyer Needu Charana (Adi) - Pallavi Gopala Iyer Kailasapathe (Adi) - Mysore Vasudevachariar Kanikaramuto (Adi) - Mysore Vasudevachariar Namosthuthe (Adi) - Mysore Vasudevachariar Neeve Gatiyani (Adi) - - Mysore Vasudevachariar Enranidaru (Khanda Chapu) - Periyasami Thooran Kunrureva Vel (Jhampa) - Periyasai Thooran Sri Venkateswara (Rupakam) - Periyasami Thooran Sarasa Varade (Rupakam) Veeena Siyeshanna Sarasvathi Nannepudu (Rupakam ) - Vina Kuppayyar Emani Varnimu (Misra Chapu) _ Mysore Sadasiva Rao Kanugonu Dhanyudu (Triputa) - Mysore sadasiva rao O Rajarajeswari (Adi) - Mysore Sadasiva Rao Tavaka karakamalena (Ata) - Akkul Swamigal Kannatalli nannu brova - Anayya Manam vaittaru l - Anayya Appo posicheppiyo - Anayya Pennivalalla Rama (Adi) - Arunachala Kavi Pattapadukelai (Adi) Arunachala Kavi Inge Irukka Nam (Adi) - Arunachala Kavi Duriyodhana Un (adI)- Arunachala Kavi Kodiyanan (Adi) - Arinagirinathar Umbara Tharu (Adi) - Arinagirinathar O Rama ni nama (Adi) _ Bhadrachala Ramadas Emayya Rama (Misra Capu) - Bhadrachala Ramadasa Innai Galge (MIsra Chapu) - Bhadrachala Ramadasa Nannu Brova manu (Adi) - Bhadrachala Ramadasa Rama Dayajudave (Rupakam) - Bhadrachala Ramadasa Unadu mahimai (Adi) - Gopalakrishna Bharathi Darisanam Seydare (Adi) - Gopalakrishna Bharathi Ayya Sollu (Rupakam) - Gopalakrishna Bharathi Daivam Unden poru (Adi) - Kavikunjara Bharathi Anganum Avar (Adi) - Kavikunjara Bharathi Kandukan Kali (Triputa) - Kavikunjara Bharathi Sivayoga Nayaki (Rupakam) - Kavikunjara Bharathi Sri Devi (Adi) - Kavikunjara Bharathi Sadanandame (Adi) - Kotiswara Iyer Sambho Sankara (Adi) - Kotiswara Iyer Appadi Ippadi (Ata) - Muthuthandavar Ethanai Thavam (Adi) - Muthuthandavar Sabhayinil (Ekam) - Muthuthandavar Sevikka Vendumayya (Adi) - Muthuthandavar Sivachgidambarane (Adi) - Muthuthandavar Varuvar Varuvar (Adi) - Muthuthandavar Ninnubhaso Nimishamu (Triputa) - Ponnaya Pillai Nee Sari Sati (Adi) - Ponnaya Pillai Samiyai Azahithu Vadi (Adi) - Ponnaya Pillai Dayamado (Adi) _ Purandharadasa Anjikinnayatha (Misra Chapu) _ Purandharadasa Hariya Ombathu (Adi)_ Purandharadasa Kanene En kanavan (Adi) - Subrahmanya Bharathi Urukkellam (Adi) - Vedanayakam Pillai Unnai Enakku (Ata) - Vedanayakam Pillai Inayagillu (adi) - Vedanayakam Pillai Inda Upakatam (Adi) - Vedanayakam Pillai Aviralamagu (Triputa) - Cheyyur Chengalvaraya Sastri Eamamama Minayana (Rupakam)- Chengalvaraya Sastri Varahi Mam Pahi (Adi) - Chengalvaraya Sastri Kamalasani Sundari (Rupakam) G. N. Balasubrahmanyam Birana Brovayide (Adi) - Tarangampadi Panchanada Iyer Sarasija - Uthukkadu venkatasubba Iyer Ekantha Bhakthi - Uthukkadu Venkatasubba Iyer Sadgurunatha - Uthukkadu Venkatasubba Iyer Pranatartihara (Adi) - Gharbhapuri Chinna Devudu Kaci ra ngan krpai - Ghanam Krishna Iyer Aravamudaraippole (Adi) - Ghanam Krishna Iyer Ni Kedayato (Tisra Eka m) - Kuppusamayya Samaja hara hare (Adi) - Kuttikunju Thangachi (daughter of Iriyamman Thampi) Thayai potrungal - T. Lakshmanan Pillai Arannira (Adi) - T. Lakshmanan Pillai Nenja Gottayil (Adi) - T. Lakshmanan Pillai Kanu koni papavimukta (Ata) - Mathubhutayya Sri Narahari (Tisra Triputa - Melattur Virabhadrayya) Nidu carana pankajamule (Adi) - Pallavi Gopala Iyer Mahisasura Marddhani (Tisra Eka m) - Pallavi Gopala Iyer Bhaja re Gopala m (Misra Capu) - Sadasiva Brahmendra Purna Bodhitoham - Sadasiva Brahmendra Devi Minakshi (Rupakam) - Singaracharyulu Nitya kalyani (Rupakam) - Sitarammayya Ingadayarada (Adi) - Srinivasayya Matim Dehi (Adi) - Vanamamalia Brothers Rama Nee Vadhu - (Tisra adi) - Thyagaraja Ninnana Valasina - Misra Chapu - Tyagaraja. (Balamurali sings this in an unusual way..employing no brigas, strictly gamakams.) Dayamaado Ranga - Adi - Purandaradasa (M.S. Gopalakrishnan rendering) Paalisamma Muddhu Sharade - Adi - Purandaradasa Modern Composers ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Sri Sabareeswara (Chapu) - Thulaseevanam Sri Manjunatha Vibho (Adi) - Thulaseevanam Mamava (Adi) - Thulaseevanam Tuti Sey Maname (Adi) - Ambujam Krishna Unnai ALlal (Adi) - Ambujam Krishna Un Padamalarinai (Adi) - Ambujam Krishna Gati nive (Rupakam) - Balamuralikrishna Swarna Kala Bhairavam (Sankeerna Triputa) - Swarna Venkatesa Dikshitar Narahari Narayanam (Adi) - Ashok Madhav Swayam Vara (Adi) - Bangalore Mukund Kanja Lochani (Adi - Tisram) - D. Pattammal Nitya Kalyani (Misra Chapu) - Cuddalore Subrahmanyam plus many many more (the list is too incomplete!!) PADAM (15) ^^^^^ Endu Mama (Adi) - Swathi Tirunal Kintu Cheyvu (Adi) - Swathi Tirunal Teliya vaccenaru (Misra Chapu)- Ksetrajna Rara Ayyalu (Adi) - Ksetrajna Ninnu Ne marathuna (Matyam) - Ksetrajna Neepomudu seyaka (Misra Chapu)- Ksetrajna Entu mama (Adi) - Ksetrajna Niluvina Nilivedu (Misra Chapu) - Ksetrajna Iddhari sandhuna (Kshetrajna) Na manasu - Kshetrajna Thani prayamu ( Laya Tharangini) - Ksethrajna Amma ituvandi - Ksethrajna Etahi kkandu (Rupakam) -Subramonia Iyer Tairyalunnai (Adi) -Subramonia Iyer Tattai Mozhiyal (Adi) -Subramonia Iyer THILLANA (4) ^^^^^^^^ Nadiru diru (Tripu\ta) - Swathi Tirunal Thim tara tirana (Simhanandana Talam) - Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer Ti m tara tani (Adi) - Mysore Vasudevachar - Vina Seshanna JAVALI (1) ^^^^^^ Entati kuluke (Rupakam) - Pattabhiramayya RAGAMALIKAS featuring KALYANI ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Valaci (Navaraga varnam}) (Kothavasal Venkatarama Iyer) Nitya kalyani (Sitaramayya) Jaya Jaya Gokula bala (Narayana Tirtha) Amba ninnu nera nammite (Garbhapuri) Ni sarilerani (Subbarama Dikshitar) Garavamu Ganna dora (Subbarama Dikshitar) Kaminchina Kalavati ra (Subbarama Dikshitar) Vedukato (Subbarama Dikshitar) Amba ninnu (Subbarama Dikshitar) Prantarttihara (Subbarama Dikshitar)\ I Kanakambari (Subbarama Dikshitar) Karpagavalli Ni (?) popularized by M. Santhanam All the 72 Mela ragamalika compositions must obviously feature Kalyani on the 65th line in the Carana m. Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer's mammoth Mela ragamalika has the line `` Me, Ca, Kalya nim vacam disati, mocakad\yini ramase''; the 72 Raganga Ragamalika by Subbarama Dikshitar ( Matu by one Krishna Kavi) has the text `` Mati Kalyaniyosagu raganga ragamalikam gonipremamiraga''. RAGAMALIKA SLOKA LINES ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The Ragamalika Slokam `` Kalyani Khalu yadkatha trijagadm'' composed by Swathii Tiruna l features the Raga mudra for each line, namely, Kalyani, Mohanam. Saranga, and Sankarabharanam. PALLAVI LINES ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The famous Catur raga malika Pallavi: `` Sankarabharananai azhait-todi vadi kalya ni dharbarukku'' (popularized by Ariyakkudi) ``Un darisanam Kitaikkumo Nataraja Dayanidhe'' (GNB, Madurai Mani Iyer et al) A classical, and difficult example of a Pallavi in Kalyani, set to Simhanandana Talam (128 aksarakalam) is the one sung by Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer, and the {\sl Sahitya} reads: ``Gaurinayaka Kanakasabhanayaka Halahaladhara gangadharahara Smarahara purahara Sivakamesvara Cidambaresvara Nataraja Mamava.'' Later, Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer recast this Pallavi into a Thillana, ``Thim tara tirana} in Kalya ni, in the same Simhanandana Tala m. Dr. S. Venkatasubramania Iyer, (a retired Professor of Sanskrit, Kerala University), a famous musicologist and an exponent of Svati Tirunal compositions, claims that the K rti `` Seve Syananduresa'' is not a composition of Svati Tirunal, but of Iriyamman Thampi, who also used the same Raga mudra ``Padmanabha''. I conclude with a remarkable observation about two strikingly beautiful Kalyani compositions that are given in Subbarama Dikshitar's Sangita Sampradaya Pradarsini. Both are examples of Svarasthana Padam, where most of the text uses only the seven Svaras of Kalyani. The first, Parikkanni in Tisra Eka m, is in Tamil, where the Matu (words) was set by one Narayanaswami Ayya, a noted Tamil Scholar of Ettayapuram, and the Dhatu (music) was set by Subbarama Dikshitar. The other one, Thaniprayamu, is attributed to Sarangapani. Most of the material was contributed by: P. P. Narayanaswami (swami@math.mun.ca)